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The availability of inexpensive membrane materials has revolutionized pure water production, and provided one of the largest markets for such materials. There is now a relatively straight trade-off between the…

Not only boiler feed, but a wide range of other applications require a high degree of influent water quality, much purer than available from mains water distribution. In the electronics…

Ion exchange processes have been in use for many years to soften water, their disadvantage being that they are batch operations, with a regeneration stage between each softening stage, the…

Steam is a universal processing fluid, for the generation of electric power, as a heating medium or as a process input. Most boiler circuits involve recycle of some or all…

In the same way that bulk water treatment may not provide a sufficient degree of raw water purification to satisfy the needs of domestic users, it may also be insufficiently…

A packed bed of activated carbon, acting as an adsorbent, is a very good purification means for small to medium-sized water treatment systems. However, it is not suitable for removing…

Hundreds of thousands of touring recreational vehicles, caravans and mobile homes, together with pleasure boats of all types and sizes, rely on onboard tanks for personal water supply. There is…

Tests confirm the presence of these toxic substances in drinking water, but few mains cold water lines into residential properties incorporate an effective filtration system. Ideally, drinking water should be…

According to a US congressional study, groundwater contamination will become a principle environmental concern for the next decades. Once contaminated by toxic organic chemicals, groundwater can remain polluted for hundreds…

The World Health Organization has identified 752 substances that can be present in tap water. Water authorities are obliged to monitor the levels of only 66 of them, and bottled…