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Bioprocessing refers to the production of biologically active therapeutic and diagnostic proteins that are expressed by mammalian or bacterial cells. A series of unit operations isolates and purifies the products…

Soybean is an important source of protein, and the process to recover the protein and fat requires the removal of undesirable compounds. Traditional removal methods include extraction, heat treatment and…

Reverse osmosis is used to considerable advantage in the food and dairy industry, the main reason being the cost reduction compared with evaporation consequent upon the elimination of this process.…

The first reference to the use of filters for clarifying water, milk and wine can be found in Egyptian times. From wool and cloth, paper and charcoal to sea sand…

The photoresist solution is a particularly difficult fluid to filter, but this must be done to exacting standards, in order to ensure transfer of patterns onto thin films. Not only…

The use of gases in integrated circuit fabrication is increasing, particularly with VLSI technology. This technology is demanding more and more dry processing in order to achieve sub-micrometre geometries. These…

The chemicals utilized for etching are aggressive acids, such as hydrofluoric, nitric and phosphoric. Other chemicals are used to clean the surface of the wafer, preparing it for the next…

The critical applications in the electronics industry are the production of ultra-pure water for the washing of semi-conductor material (silicon chips), and the cleaning of the chemical fluids (liquid and…

An interesting extension of the range of vacuum filters is the capillary disc filter ( Figure 4.26 ). This is a continuously operating, capillary action, ceramic dewatering filter, which eliminates…

Rotary vacuum drum and vacuum belt filters are extensively used on many process filtration operations, to provide filtration, clarification, dewatering or concentration. Moulded thermoplastic vacuum drum filters are particularly suited…