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The conventional, and still the principal, type of filter used for cleaning bulk water is the sand bed, with backwashing carried out by a backflow of water, or preferably water…

The main water cycle starts, of course, with rain falling on the earth, most of it making its way to the sea by means of rivers, although the journey may…

After a detailed look at the range of fi ltration equipment, the Handbook now turns to the major applications for the equipment, concentrating on the service or utility applications, but…

All of the types of sand filter so far discussed are discontinuous in their operation, even if the cycle is quite long in the case of the slow gravity filter.…

The deep-bed filter (often called a sand filter, because that has for long been the filter medium used) is a clarification filter and has been the basic means of treating…

Electrostatic effects are the cause of two important but opposite phenomena in filtration, especially of gases. In the filtration of dusts from gases, it is possible for electrostatic charges to…

The attractive force exerted by a magnet on other magnetic materials in its vicinity is at any point proportional to the magnetic field and the magnetic field gradient at that…

Magnetic separators, so called in the industry, are confusingly exactly the same in principle as a magnetic filter or a magnetic clarifier: attracting and retaining ferro-magnetic solids contained in a…

Another important application of the magnetic filter is in the use of a rotating magnetic disc as the filter element, particularly for the treatment of machine tool coolants. The disc…

The vibratory filter is a high intensity magnetic filter, specifically used for removing fine iron bearing contaminants from mineral slurries and other fluid media, as well as from free-flowing streams…