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It was stated earlier that industrial filter applications can be divided broadly into two groups, those providing a service to a factory operation, the utility filters, and those acting as…

Industrial wastes differ from municipal wastes in three main respects: they are usually much stronger in waste material content (both inorganic and biodegradable); they  are often acidic or alkaline in nature…

There are many alternatives to the direct line of treatment processes described in the preceding paragraphs. One such takes the whole sewage, before primary settlement, and treats it at above…

The various stages of sewage processing each produce a sludge in which the wastes from that stage are concentrated, although, of course, in much smaller volumes. These sludges must all…

Where the effluent quality after secondary treatment is not good enough to be discharged, then some kind of tertiary treatment will be required. This may be to polish the effluent…

The secondary process treats the residual organic material, both suspended and dissolved in the sewage, by reacting it with aerobic bacteria in an aerated system, so that the bacteria digest…

The removal of suspended solids is usually achieved in three processes, an inlet screening, followed by two stages of sedimentation. The influent sewage carries with it a wide range of…

Sewage treatment thus involves the reduction in concentration of suspended (insoluble) and dissolved impurities to required levels. The overall process is characterized by some important features: ● the quantities involved…

The treatment of municipal sewage is one of the few processes in commercial life where the managers of the appropriate processing plant have little or no control over the quality…

The treatment of wastewater is as large a process, at least in liquid volume terms, as the provision of fresh water. The water abstracted for domestic, commercial, institutional and most…