After a detailed look at the range of fi ltration equipment, the Handbook now turns to the major applications for the equipment, concentrating on the service or utility applications, but including water fi ltration, which overlaps the boundary between utility and process uses. This and the following section together examine the main liquid fi ltration applications, with engine fluids and hydraulic systems covered in Section 5, and all other liquid clarifi cation processes covered in this section.
Water treatment, in one form or another, takes up the fi rst four parts of this section, dealing with it as a liquid for drinking, washing and other related uses, as a process input (in food and beverage production or pharmaceutical processes, for
example), as a utility (largely in the form of steam), and as a waste product from domestic and industrial activities, needing purifi cation before it can be returned to the water resources whence it came.
The applications described here range enormously in size, from the very large purification processes used to turn raw surface or groundwater into drinking water, to the small membrane processes used to produce high purity water specific for
pharmaceutical inputs. They also vary widely in technology, from the simple settling tank used as a preliminary clarifier, to the complex train of processes used to produce water for the washing of semi-conductor materials.