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Membrane separations began in the 1960s as an alternative means to distillation for the desalination of salt (i.e. sea) and brackish waters. This was called reverse osmosis because it works…

Membranes are made in a variety of ways, according to how they are to be used, with basic formats as flat sheets, tubes of very different diameters and solid blocks,…

As the term is applied nowadays, membranes can be porous or non-porous, polymeric or inorganic. They can be used for a range of separations including solids from liquids, liquids from…

In terms of filtration and separation technology, membranes have become one of the most important components. It is almost impossible to separate membrane media from the processes and equipment in…

A completely different constructed cartridge has a perforated cylindrical core around which is wound a continuous filament or yarn. With a plastic filament or metal wire, the core may be…

Similar to the edge filter in appearance, in that it has an array of disc-shaped components held on a central core, the stacked disc filter differs because the discs are…

Edge filters involve the use of cartridge elements where the element is composed of a stack of discs or washers of paper, felt, plastic or metal, clamped together in compression.…

The majority of the specific filter media discussed so far in this Section have been porous materials, usually continuous in original format, with an intrinsic porosity consequent upon their method…

A quite different use for metal in making filtration media comes in the structures that are built up from individual bars, rods or wires that may have been processed to…

Expanded metal is made from a metal sheet by a repetitive process that involves first cutting it to form a series of short slits, and then stretching the sheet to…