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Where the effluent quality after secondary treatment is not good enough to be discharged, then some kind of tertiary treatment will be required. This may be to polish the effluent by removing the last traces of suspended solids. It may be to remove some more of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus that would promote unwanted plant growth in the recipient water. It may be to remove more organic material from solution. Or it may be to do all three, but whichever, then there will normally be a final stage of disinfection to destroy viruses, bacteria and other harmful micro-organisms.

The main tertiary treatment process is then a filtration one, using either a sand bed or a membrane process, usually microfiltration, possibly followed by ultrafiltration. There may also be too high a content of nitrogen and phosphorus, and this will require additional biological processes, with some more sludge to be separated.

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